Introduction: Pheromones play a great role in the reproductive and social behavior of animals. The main sources of pheromones are urine and paracrine secretions. Through the neuroendocrine system, prolactin is a safe parameter to measure and compare the effects of ph erom ones on the sexual, maternal and also lactating behavior.Methods: Female rats were divided into 19 groups (n=8). To measure the plasma prolactin levels of rats, blood samples were collected and tested with prolactin RIA kits. Effects of sexual pheromones in the lactating period (3rd, 6th, 9th and 16th days after delivery), pregnancy priod (7th, 14th and 20th days) and lactating period (6th, 9th and 16th post-delivery days) on plasma prolactin level were surveyed. The effects of sexual pherornoneson the plasma level of Prolactin were determined using a special cage without any sensory stimulation interferences, such as visual, auditory and tactile senses.Results: Data showed a significant decline in plasma levels of prolactin following sexual pheromones administration (p<0.05). Significant increase in the prolactin plasma level was observed as the female rats were kept with a castrated male rat (p<0.05). During pregnancy period, prolactin level did not show any significant change in the first week of pregnancy with or without present male rat, but it showed a significant increase during the second and third weeks of pregnancy in the presence of male rat (p<0.01). The presence of male rat during the third, sixth and ninth days after delivery causes a significant increase in prolactin level (p<0.01) The females exposed to alien pups showed a significant decline in prolactin level compared those exposed to their own pups (p<0.05), but both groups showed same level of prolactin on the ninth and sixteenth days of delivery.Conclusion: These findings suggest that male sexual pheromones change plasma levels of prolactin in the pregnancy and lactating period and subsequently affect mating reproductive activities of rats.

Fifteen multiparous cows with mean weight 630+50 and 50+ 40 DIM were selected for comparison of different levels of soybean and allocated randomly to three treatments. The rations were fed to cows as total mixed ration and ad libitum. The cows were and milked three times a day and daily milk yield was recorded while milk samples taken once per week for determination of milk composition and samples of rumen liquor and blood were taken at the last week of experiment. Dry matter intake increased with increasing of soybean levels. The average of milk yield with respect to the rations 1-3 were 29.9, 28.9 and 28.7 and fat corrected milk yield for 4% fat were 27.4, 29.2 and 28.7 kg per day respectively. That it wasn’t significantly different. Milk composition including fat, protein, solid non fat and total solid percent were not affected. Treatments had no significant effect on feces PH and rumen pH. The average of weight change to body weight was 0.2, 1.8 and 4.2 that was not significantly different. Chewing activity (minute per day) was numerically decreased in second diet, but chewing activity to dry matter intake was significantly decreased in second diet. Concentration of calcium, cholesterol, albumin, total protein, urea nitrogen, T3 and T4 in blood of cows receiving different diets were not different, while concentration of glucose and phosphorus in blood were different.

To investigate the effect of weed interference and weed-free periods on Balangu (Lallemantia royleana Benth. in Wall) and to evaluate the critical period of weed control (CPWC) in this oilseed crop, an experiment was conducted as a randomized complete block design with three replications in Naghadeh region in 2018. Experimental consisted of two groups of treatments; weed infestation treatments (infestation for 144.2, 345.9, 574, 848.2, 1147.6 and 1451.3 growing degree day (GDD) after transplanting and then plots were remained weed-free the rest of the growing season) and weed-free treatments (weeding for 144.2, 345.9, 574, 848.2, 1147.6 and 1451.3 GDD after transplanting and then plots were remained infested until harvesting time). In each block, one weed free and weed infested control was for all the growing season. Results indicated that the density and dry biomass of weeds were increased as weed removal was delayed. In contrast, density and dry biomass of weeds were decreased as weeds establishment was delayed. Height, tetrachenes fruits, ripened achenes, 1000-seed weight and biological, seed and relative yields of Balangu were decreased and increased as the duration of weed-infested and weed-free period increased, respectively. Also, logistic and Gompertz curves fitted to data showed that the beginning and end of the CPWC based on a 10% yield loss of relative yield, was estimated to be from 11 to 108 days after transplanting (97 days weed-free period) in order to prevent a noticeable yield loss.

For the morphometric and histologic investigations of mammary gland of the Azarbayjanian buffalo, 80 specimens were collected from healthy lactating and non-lactating buffaloes which were slaughtered in Urmieh abattoir. In this study 50 specimens (25 lactating & 25 non-lactating were selected for morphometric and 30 specimens (15 lactating & 15 non-lactating) for histological studies. The mean lengths of teats of anterior quarters in lactating and non- lactating buffaloes were 4.54±0.10cm and 3.60±0.18cm, respectively. The mean teat lengths of caudal quarters in lactating and non-lactating glands were 4.56±0.10cmand 3.70±0.11cm, respectively. The mean teat diameter in anterior quarters of lactating and non-lactating glands were 2.60±0.09cmand 2.40±0.09cm, respectively, whereas the same variable in the caudal quarter of lactating and non-lactating glands were 2.60±0.04cma.nd 2.5±0.06cmrespectively. The mean thickness of anterior quarters in lactating and non-lactating glands were 3.70±0.04cmand 2.4±0.12cm, respectively, whereas the same variable in the caudal quarters of the lactating and non-lactating glands were 9.00±0.20cm and 4.40±16cm, respectively. The mean length of lactating and non-lactating glands were 34.6±27cmand 28.43±87cm, respectively. The mean width of lactating and non-lactating glands were 38.00±0.67cmand 25.90±0.99cm, respectively. According to the statistical analysis there were significant (p<0.05) differences among lactating and non-lactating glands for all variables except diameters of the teats. The histological study revealed that, the amounts of interlobular connective and adipose tissues increase from dorsal to ventral side of udders, whereas, the volume of parenchyma tissue decrease from dorsal to the ventral side. The muscles on the teat wall were composed of obliquely and longitudinally arranged bands. Long ridges of the skin epithelium were deeply penetrated. into the lamina propriae of teats. In the base of the teat, there were thick walled arteries Le. muscular type, along with small arteries and plenty of arterioles, venules, and capillaries near to the lactiferous sinuses. In the same level, hair follicles, sebaceous glands and the apocrine type of sweat glands were seen in the skin of the teats, but such structures were not seen in the lower two third of the teat structure

Supernumerary axillary breast may occur in any size or configuration. It is a relatively uncommon occurrence but is relatively common variant of supernumerary breast.This paper presents a case of supernumerary breast (polymastia) in a 32 years old woman. She had two small yellowish brown spots in both axillary regions at birth with no symptoms until puberty. At first menstruation their size increased slightly. She had three pregnancies. At first pregnancy the development of axillary breast increased with no other changes. There was a significant growth in accessory breast at third pregnancy with milk secretion after delivery.

Coronvirus desies and its consequences have caused concern among various segments of society. In particular, the change in teaching methods from online to face-to-face training and the damage caused by this process in some cases has made this educational process difficult. Thus, identifying students' concerns and understanding the predictions of anxiety in the reopening of educational institutions will allow us to address the roots of this factor after the Corona epidemic and the reopening of schools.. This research is a qualitative research and content analysis and its statistical population is high school students in Tehran at the time of reopening of schools after the Corona epidemic. From this statistical population, 40 male and female subjects who met the research criteria were selected. After interviewing the subjects and analyzing them, sub-themes and main themes have been identified and classified.